Is Sudan committing another genocide – against the Nuba people? | Mukesh Kapila

'Scorched earth tactics are preventing the Nuba from farming and driving them to hide in cracks and caves in the mountains.' Photograph: Phil Moore for the Guardian

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Wednesday 21 March 2012

My warnings about Darfur were ignored – concerted international action is needed to save Sudan's Nuba from the same fate

As the engines of the Sudanese Antonov bomber grew louder, everyone started running for their lives: mothers shouting for their children, the little ones screaming in fear. As the plane released its deadly payload, I watched as plumes of black smoke curled into the sky. Burned out of house and home, plagued by hunger, cut off from aid and relentlessly hunted from the air – this is what it means to be a Nuba civilian in Sudan today.

Almost two decades ago, as a British government official, I had the misfortune to witness the last genocide of the 20th century – in Rwanda in 1994. I also have the dubious distinction of experiencing the first genocide of the 21st century. That was in Darfur in 2004 and it unfolded while I served as the chief of the United Nations in Sudan. Earlier this month, I went back across the border into Sudan's Nuba mountains to see for myself what history may come to judge as the second genocide of this century.

Walking through the still smoking wreckage of burned-out Nuban villages, listening to the traumatised survivors, witnessing the deployment of illegal anti-personnel mines and cluster bombs, and seeing the destroyed food stores, schools and churches, memories of Darfur came flooding back. It is these scorched-earth tactics – first used against the Nuba in the 1990s, then refined in Darfur – that are preventing the Nuba today from farming and driving them to hide in cracks and caves in the mountains. The result is growing hunger for some 1.2 million affected Nubans.

This chapter of the conflict opened in June 2011 with the disputed election of Ahmed Haroun (an indicted war criminal nicknamed the "Butcher of the Nuba") to govern South Kordofan province. I had seen his handiwork before in Darfur. My warnings in 2004 were first ignored by world governments and then taken up only when, in desperation, I went to the media.

The action that followed was too little too late. Though perpetrators including President al-Bashir were indicted for crimes against humanity by the international criminal court, justice and redress have yet to follow.

Thousands of Darfuris continue to suffer in tightly controlled desert camps within Darfur and across the border in Chad, even as Chad's President Deby cements an alliance with Sudan through marriage to the daughter of the Darfur Janjaweed leader Musa Hilal.

The crimes against humanity in the Nuba stem from Khartoum's declared vision of a Sudan that does not offer equality for its non-Arab and non-Islamic citizens. Sudan's most marginalised ethnic African communities pay the price of such hateful intolerance and extreme repression.

The world must overcome its torpor to avoid the greater cost of an inevitable later intervention, and I was heartened by the efforts of George Clooney and his colleagues to bring the matter to public attention in Washington last week.

History teaches that palliative gestures towards Sudan don't work. A transformation is needed, requiring concerted international engagement. The human rights emergency in the Nuba mountains requires a UN security council inquiry into crimes against humanity, along with a further referral to the international criminal court. Urgent help is needed through local Nuba structures if Khartoum continues to deny international access.

Though it is difficult to execute the ICC's arrest warrants for crimes against humanity, named indictees could be further sanctioned. And Khartoum's capacity to wage war on its own citizens must be degraded by stopping official arms transfers and acting against companies that sell it military equipment. Moreover, the UN, African Union, Arab League and East African Community must speak with one voice through a credible joint envoy.

Each of these measures has been successfully tried in other situations. Given the will, pulling them together into a coherent package for Sudan is the best hope for ensuring that the carnage of Darfur and Nuba are not repeated again.